There are other countries that conducted census records prior to 1790, but the United States was the first nation to mandate a census in the Constitution. Article One, Section Two states that at least every ten years an “actual Enumeration” needs to be taken of the population. Now the single most sought after document by genealogists, the census has provided valuable information about ancestors to help countless researchers complete their family genealogy.
In 1790, Federal Marshals had the job of visiting every house and recording their findings. The first census only contained six questions: name of the head of house, number of persons in the household, number of free white males over the age of sixteen, number of free white males under the age of sixteen, and the sexes and colors of everyone in the household. Since then every decade has produced another census. Each census has improved with more information making it easier to trace your ancestors.
Over the years, the census has changed according to what issues were important to our ancestors at the time. By 1820, the census began to take into account women and “free colored persons” to show how our economy was expanding. By 1850, the census contained “social statistics;” which gave us insight to schooling that people had obtained, crime in that time period, and taxes. Later “Enumerations” reflect the ”melting pot” that America was becoming thanks to the increasing number of immigrants. The 1900 census asks if foreign born, year of immigration and whether they have the ability to speak English or not. In 1920 the year of naturalization was polled. To find out what questions were asked for each census, download blank census forms.
The United States census can help you discover facts about your ancestors and fill in missing event information, helping to build your family tree. Among the information you can discover: birth dates, birth places, place of residence, occupations, income, immigration years, naturalization status, and more. Another benefit of using the census is finding families, giving the genealogist the ability to add missing ancestors, such as children and grandparents.
Censuses are available as Population Schedules. There are also Special Census Schedules that included: slave schedules, state records, agricultural schedules, mortality schedules, manufactures, social statistics, defective classes, and others. The state and mortality censuses in particular just might help you with tracing your ancestors. Mortality schedules were recorded 1860, 1870, and 1880. Census takers were directed to secure additional information for persons dying within the 12 months preceding the census taking. For each person, the following information is listed: name, age, sex, marital status if married or widowed, state or country of birth, month of death, occupation, cause of death, and the length of the final illness. These schedules may be the only record of death for some individuals, as many states did not require recording of deaths until the late nineteenth century and gravestones or cemetery records may be nonexistent.
Some Noteworthy Tips
Census records can help you to pinpoint when someone was born by noting the date of the census and the person’s age. When you find them in more than 1 census, you might find that their age changed from one census, giving a clue as to when they were born within a couple of months. You can then update your information for that ancestor and use a tighter time frame for their birth. Rather than an approximate year, it might now be an approximate time frame within a couple of months.
When looking for your ancestor, remember to look for them using different spellings. Many census takers often wrote the name the best they could from the way it sounded. People who have indexed online databases have erroneously made mistakes in recording names and information, too. The mistakes can be either transcribing the common handwritten letter or mistyping the record. If you can’t find what you are looking for, search using abbreviations, variations, phonetic spellings, nicknames, initials, or substitute letters that are commonly mistaken for other letters.
If you are looking at copies of microfilms, don’t overlook the other people on the same page or the page before or after your ancestor. Many times, relatives lived in the same household, or within houses from each other.
If you are looking at an index, remember that counties grew and developed over time either as land was expanded or as borders changed. This can be of importance to finding other ancestors as documents such as Wills, Taxation lists, and Deeds are often filed by county..
When you find a person you are looking for, remember the possibility of someone with the same name living in the same area. Verify the information belongs to your ancestor before you record the source and its details.
Consider all reasonable matches when performing searches. Don’t assume the first “close” match is the right person or family. Before 1850, people were not listed by name. Don't assume the oldest male in a household is necessarily the head of household or that everyone is a family member. The family could have raised children other than their own. Listing more children than expected in a household could also indicate a prior marriage. Missing family members, or a family structure vastly different from what you expected, could be a clue that you found the wrong household. Make clear notes in your records as to why you think the information you found fits or does not seem to be your ancestors. Keeping good records will help you stay focused and on track for future searches.
The 1890 census records are almost completely destroyed and others have been lost. The best place to find what is available for each county is through Family Search.
The 1940 census will be made available to the public on April 1, 2012 by the National Archives and Records Administration.
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R.L. Fielding has been a freelance writer for 10 years, offering her expertise and skills to a variety of major organizations in the education, pharmaceuticals and healthcare, financial services, and manufacturing industries. She lives in New Jersey with her dog and two cats and enjoys rock climbing and ornamental gardening.
